Foundational ideology and structures
The Muslim Brotherhood was established in Egypt in 1928. The founder and first Supreme Guide (spiritual leader), Hassan al Banna, called for the religious reformation of individualvMuslims, progressive moral purification of Muslim societies and their eventual political unification in a Caliphate under sharia law.
Al Banna and others argued that secularisation and westernisation were at the root of all contemporary problems of Arab and Muslim societies, and that nationalism was not the answer.
From its foundation the Muslim Brotherhood organised itself into a secretive ‘cell’ structure, with an elaborate induction and education programme for new members. It relied heavily on group solidarity and peer pressure to maintain discipline. This clandestine, centralised and hierarchical structure persists to this day.
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