terça-feira, 9 de setembro de 2025
segunda-feira, 8 de setembro de 2025
Europe’s Growing Muslim Population Muslims are projected to increase as a share of Europe’s population – even with no future migration
In recent years, Europe has experienced a record influx of asylum seekers fleeing conflicts in Syria and other predominantly Muslim countries. This wave of Muslim migrants has prompted debate about immigration and security policies in numerous countries and has raised questions about the current and future number of Muslims in Europe.
To see how the size of Europe’s Muslim population may change in the coming decades, Pew Research Center has modeled three scenarios that vary depending on future levels of migration. These are not efforts to predict what will happen in the future, but rather a set of projections about what could happen under different circumstances.
The baseline for all three scenarios is the Muslim population in Europe (defined here as the 28 countries presently in the European Union, plus Norway and Switzerland) as of mid-2016, estimated at 25.8 million (4.9% of the overall population) – up from 19.5 million (3.8%) in 2010.
Even if all migration into Europe were to immediately and permanently stop – a “zero migration” scenario – the Muslim population of Europe still would be expected to rise from the current level of 4.9% to 7.4% by the year 2050. This is because Muslims are younger (by 13 years, on average) and have higher fertility (one child more per woman, on average) than other Europeans, mirroring a global pattern.
A second, “medium” migration scenario assumes that all refugee flows will stop as of mid-2016 but that recent levels of “regular” migration to Europe will continue (i.e., migration of those who come for reasons other than seeking asylum; see note on terms below). Under these conditions, Muslims could reach 11.2% of Europe’s population in 2050.
Finally, a “high” migration scenario projects the record flow of refugees into Europe between 2014 and 2016 to continue indefinitely into the future with the same religious composition (i.e., mostly made up of Muslims) in addition to the typical annual flow of regular migrants. In this scenario, Muslims could make up 14% of Europe’s population by 2050 – nearly triple the current share, but still considerably smaller than the populations of both Christians and people with no religion in Europe.
The refugee flows of the last few years, however, are extremely high compared with the historical average in recent decades, and already have begun to decline as the European Union and many of its member states have made policy changes aimed at limiting refugee flows (see sidebar).
Predicting future migration levels is impossible, because migration rates are connected not only to political and economic conditions outside of Europe, but also to the changing economic situation and government policies within Europe. Although none of these scenarios will play out exactly as projected, each provides a set of rough parameters from which to imagine other possible outcomes. For example, if regular migration continues at recent levels, and some asylum seekers also continue to arrive and receive refugee status – but not as many as during the historically exceptional surge of refugees from 2014 to 2016 – then the share of Muslims in Europe’s population as of 2050 would be expected to be somewhere between 11.2% and 14%.
(Continue)
Migrants Loitering Outside Schools Taking Pictures - Concerns Grow Over 'Suspicious Activity'
Police have told migrants to follow “cultural expectations” after reports of men loitering near a primary school in Deanshanger. They plan to address “appropriate behaviours,” work with a local asylum-seeker hotel, and increase patrols. Migrants have stayed at the hotel for three years, but concerns over suspicious activity, including filming near the school, have recently grown.
A different view for immigration in Denmark
The Danish Minister for Immigration and Integration is Kaare Dybvad Bek. While his public profile and widely-reported speeches may not be as extensive as those of Prime Minister Mette Frederiksen, he has made several notable statements that have garnered attention, particularly in the context of Denmark's and the EU's migration policies.
Here are some of the key points from his recent speeches and interviews that have been noted by the media:
1. The Need for "Democratic Control"
Kaare Dybvad Bek has repeatedly stressed the importance of countries and the EU regaining "democratic control" over their migration policies. He argues that the current system is not working and has led to a sense of lost control, which in turn fuels anti-immigrant sentiment. He believes that a more managed and regulated migration system is essential for maintaining social cohesion.
2. Return of Rejected Asylum Seekers
A central theme of his policy and public statements has been the importance of a more effective return policy. He has specifically highlighted Denmark's success in this area, which he believes makes it a model for other European countries, including Germany. He sees a functional return policy for those who do not have a legal claim to asylum as a crucial step in ensuring the integrity of the asylum system.
3. External Asylum Processing
Bek has been a proponent of the idea of creating asylum centers outside the European Union. He views this as a "sustainable solution to the migration crisis" that would allow for asylum applications to be processed in a way that is both humane and orderly, while also discouraging dangerous and illegal journeys across the Mediterranean.
4. Integration Challenges
He has also spoken about the challenges of integration and the need to prevent the formation of "parallel societies" in vulnerable areas. His remarks on topics like "quiet rooms" in universities and the government's efforts to prevent social control within immigrant communities have drawn attention, as they reflect a broader government push to ensure that immigrants and their descendants integrate into mainstream Danish society and values.
In essence, Kaare Dybvad Bek's public statements align closely with the Social Democratic government's overall tough-on-immigration stance. He emphasizes that a firm and fair migration policy, which includes both a better system for return and a commitment to integrating new arrivals, is not a right-wing or left-wing issue, but a matter of democratic necessity and social well-being.
With "Gemini"
Britain’s sharia councils: hardline and anti-women – or a dignified way to divorce?
On a freezing, rainswept Sunday in a conference room in Birmingham Central mosque, a young woman in a black padded jacket is crying quietly. Her name is Zaynab and as she lifts up her glasses to rub at her eyes, one of the three religious scholars sitting opposite her starts to speak.
“The panel is in agreement, this marriage is to be dissolved today, Zaynab,” says Dr Amra Bone, one of the only female sharia council judges in the country. “It doesn’t have the ingredients of an Islamic marriage; there is no love, trust, compassion or respect. You have an iddah [waiting] period of three menstrual cycles and you are then free to marry again.”
As Zaynab collects her paperwork, Bone’s colleague, Shaykh Talha Bukhari, an elderly man with a white beard, turns to me. “Marriage is not for shedding tears,” he says quietly, “but here they are rolling down.”
I am at the mosque’s sharia council, which in the past year has dealt with 400 requests for divorce. Sharia councils – often mislabelled as sharia courts – have a sinister reputation in the UK. Like halal meat and the niqab, they are a dog whistle for those seeking to imply that there is a creeping Islamification of the UK. In part, this is because sharia – Islamic – law is synonymous in many people’s minds with terrifying punishments such as stoning. The reality of the councils is much less bloodthirsty but there are still reasons to worry.
Almost all the sharia councils, which first appeared in the UK in the 1980s, were founded to facilitate Islamic divorces for Muslim women who need a religious scholar to end their marriage where their husbands don’t consent (they may also offer religious advice on inheritance, wills or issue religious rulings). They are not the only religious councils – there are also the Jewish Orthodox Beth Din, and Catholic tribunals.
The sharia councils are often accused of operating a “parallel legal system” in the UK, but their rulings have no legal standing here or abroad, and they have no enforcement powers. As unofficial bodies, they also have no jurisdiction over custody or financial issues. What they rely on is the weight that religious rulings carry in the Muslim community.
Surprisingly little is known about the councils – even down to how many there are in the UK (estimates range from 30 to 80). Some, like Birmingham’s, are large and long established; others are informal, backroom affairs. Individual imams also carry out the same functions, complicating their definition. Samia Bano, a senior lecturer in law at Soas University of London who has written a book on sharia councils, jokes that they are so informal “I could open one tomorrow”. Since cuts to legal aid made civil divorces more expensive, more couples than ever are turning to them. Yet their critics say they pose a serious threat to Muslim women in the UK.
Prompted by fears that they were discriminatory, Theresa May launched a government inquiry in May last year. Just a month later, the Home Affairs Committee announced its own. In December, the Casey Review by Dame Louise Casey into integration included claims that sharia councils “supported the values of extremists, condoned wife-beating, ignored marital rape and allowed forced marriages”. And in January, a bill aimed at sharia councils put forward by the independent peer Baroness Cox (to bring equality legislation to bear on arbitration and mediation services) had its second reading in the House of Lords, six years after she first began lobbying for one.
(Continue)
domingo, 7 de setembro de 2025
More Elements That Define a People's Culture
Law and Legal Systems
Law is a formal system of rules that a society creates to regulate behavior and maintain order. It is a direct reflection of a culture's core values. For instance, a culture that places a high value on individual freedom will likely have a legal system that emphasizes individual rights and protections.
In contrast, a culture that prioritizes the community over the individual may have laws that favor collective well-being and social harmony, even if it means restricting some individual liberties. Legal systems also codify a culture's beliefs about justice, fairness, and punishment. The presence and enforcement of law are essential for social stability and the function of other cultural elements.
Democracy and Political Systems
Democracy is a political system and a set of values related to how a people govern themselves. It's a form of social organization where power is vested in the people, who then exercise it directly or through elected representatives. The cultural values of a society heavily influence how democracy is practiced and understood. For example, in a culture that values individualism, democracy might be seen as a way to ensure individual rights and freedoms.
In a collectivist culture, a democratic system might focus more on group consensus and community benefit. A strong democratic culture is characterized by shared norms like civic participation, tolerance for dissent, and the peaceful transfer of power. Without these cultural foundations, the institutions of democracy may struggle to function effectively.
With "Gemini"
sábado, 6 de setembro de 2025
A história exemplar de Pippa Bacca, pacifista, violada e morta
Giuseppina Pasqualino di Marineo (9 de dezembro de 1974 - 31 de Março de 2008), conhecida como Pippa Bacca, foi uma artista italiana que, juntamente com outra colega artista, viajou de boleia a partir de Milão com intenção de chegar ao Médio Oriente para promover a paz mundial, simbolicamente, vestindo um vestido de casamento durante a sua jornada.
Chegando a Gebze, Turquia , em 31 de Março de 2008, desapareceu. Seu corpo violado foi descoberto na mesma cidade em 11 de abril. A polícia prendeu um homem que tinha colocado o seu cartão SIM no celular de Bacca e mais tarde, levou-os até seu corpo.
Bacca era parte de um movimento pela paz mundial conhecido como "Noivas on Tour", que partiu de Milão, em 8 de Março de 2008. As artistas, usando um vestido de noiva branco, viajaram para a Eslovénia, Croácia, Bósnia e Herzegovina, Sérvia e Bulgária, e chegaram à Turquia, em 20 de Março de 2008. Elas tinham planeado apanhar uma boleia para a Síria e Líbano , até 31 de Março, chegando aos territórios da Palestina e Israel em meados de abril. O seu destino final era Jerusalém.
(Continua)
sexta-feira, 5 de setembro de 2025
The Main Elements That Define a People's Culture
In short, Culture is made up of:
Values and Beliefs: Religion is highlighted as the primary source of many moral and ethical value systems. It provides guidelines on what's considered right or wrong, influencing both individual and social behavior.
Language: The fundamental medium for communication. It doesn't just allow for the exchange of ideas; it also carries the history and worldview of a people.
Traditions and Customs: The daily practices and rituals passed down through generations, such as religious ceremonies, festivals, or family recipes.
Arts and Creative Expressions: Art forms like music, dance, and architecture are direct reflections of a community's values, history, and sensibilities.
Social Organization: The structures that define society, including family, hierarchies, gender roles, and the political system.
Gastronomy: How food is grown, prepared, and shared, serving as an expression of history, community, and tradition.
History and Collective Memory: The shared narratives and past events that help shape a people's present and future.
Each of these elements contributes to the complex mosaic that is culture, showing that it goes far beyond isolated customs to become a complete manifestation of a society's identity.
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